# Reputational-penalties-paper
Data and code for "The Reputational Penalty: How Fact-Checking Can Penalize Those Who Spread Misinformation"

Note that Annika Davies, Ethan Porter, and I conducted three studies. In Study 1, we ran a single survey. In Study 2, we ran two survey waves and then merged together data for respondents who took both. In Study 3, we ran two completely separate surveys. In the first, we identified which political activists have higher and lower name recognition. In the second, we ran the main analysis in this study. Using data from all three studies, we ran a meta-analysis of the effects of fact-checking Seth Gruber on attitudes toward him.

Note that all public versions of datasets have personally identifiable information removed.

Brief descriptions of each file in this repository:

1) Abortion Study_December 4, 2023_21.29 - PUBLIC.csv: the public version of the Study 1 dataset.
2) both_wave_s2 - PUBLIC.csv: the public version of the merged Study 2 dataset.
3) Recognizability Penalty_July 11, 2024_14.01 - PUBLIC.csv: the public version of the Study 3, Survey 1 dataset.
4) Abortion Study 3 Wave 2_July 11, 2024_14.13 - PUBLIC.csv: the public version of the Study 3, Survey 2 dataset.
5) Reputation penalty - study 1 (JA, 8-28-25).Rmd: R code used for the Study 1 analysis.
6) Reputation-penalty---study-1--JA,-8-28-25-.pdf: knitted PDF of the Study 1 analysis.
7) Reputation penalty - study 2 (JA, 8-28-25).Rmd: R code used for the Study 2 analysis.
8) Reputation-penalty---study-2--JA,-8-28-25-.pdf: knitted PDF of the Study 2 analysis.
9) ma_combined_attitudes_s2_v1.RData: marginal effects data from Study 2 based on factual beliefs models. Used to create a graph that contains both Study 1 and Study 2 marginal effects.
10) ma_combined_attitudes_s2_v2.RData: marginal effects data from Study 2 based on attitudinal beliefs models. Used to create a graph that contains both Study 1 and Study 2 marginal effects.
11) Reputation penalty - study 3, survey 1 (JA, 8-28-25).Rmd: R code used for the Study 3, Survey 1 analysis.
12) Reputation-penalty---study-3,-survey-1--JA,-8-28-25-.pdf: knitted PDF of the Study 3, Survey 1 analysis.
13) Reputation penalty - study 3, survey 2 (JA, 8-28-25).Rmd: R code used for the Study 3, Survey 2 analysis.
14) Reputation-penalty---study-3,-survey-2--JA,-8-28-25-.pdf: knitted PDF of the Study 3, Survey 2 analysis.
15) pooled_data_gruber_studies1_and_2.RData: pooled data from Study 1 and Study 2.
16) pooled_analysis_study2: marginal effects from pooled analysis of Study 1 and Study 2.
17) meta_analysis.R: R code for meta-analysis that comes after all three studies.
18) effects.csv: CSV file of results from meta-analysis.
19) meta_analysis_forest_plot.pdf: a data visualization based on the meta-analysis.
